Isoprenoids constitute a large and structurally diverse family of over 65,000 natural products that fulfill essential physiological functions in plants and animals and have broad commercial applications, including pharmaceuticals, flavorings, fragrances, nutritional supplements, and advanced biofuels. They are typically synthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via native pathways such as the MEP or MVA pathways; however, an alternative isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP) enables isoprenoid biosynthesis from inexpensive C5 substrates [354].